Инговые формы

  • In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating (герундий) highly economical combined engines and heatinsulating (прич. 1, т.к. перед зависимым materials) materials, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting (отглаг. сущ) new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting (прич. 1, т.к. стоит в начале предложения) for less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing (герундий, т.к. после глагола allow) fuel efficiency by one-third.

  • Еще вот это проверьте, пожалуйста:
    Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling (прич. 1, т.к. рядом зависимое слово measures) measures. One possibility is using (прич. 1, т.к. сказуемое в кантиниус) cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants and propellants. The fuel flowing (прич. 1, т.к. зависимое слово fuel) through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes before being (герундий, т.к. перед стоит предлог before) injected into combustion chamber.

  • И вот это:
    In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working (прич. 1, т.к. сказуемое в кантиниус) on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in solving (герундий, т.к. стоит после глагола) this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller often fibre-glass blades has been built, each being (прич. 1, вроде бы) five meters long.

  • Текст 1

    substituting ---это не отглагольное существительное, это герундий после предлога BY.
    Accounting ---это причастие 1, но не по этой причине, а потому, что определяет сочетание the percentage of composite material parts.

    Текст 2

    cooling measures---это не причастие, а герундий.
    using---это тоже герундий. Здесь нет сказуемого в континиус, здесь инговая форма в функции части именное сказуемого.

    Текст 3
    solving ---это герундий, но по другой причине. он стоит после глагола с предлогом, то есть после SUCCEED IN.
    being ---это действительно причастие 1. Оно находится в составе независимого причастного оборота.